india pakistan war pictures

India pakistan war

India and Pakistan have always been involved in some conflict or other basically because of the differences between the major religions that govern these countries, i.e. Hinduism and Islam. The formation of Pakistan itself in 1947 is based on acute conflict between Hindus and Muslims, a difference that had been sustained ever since. Immediately after the partition when Pakistan was formed, a wave of hostility and violence swept both the countries resulting in one of the worst carnages in the history of mankind. This was followed by two major wars, one war in 1965 and the other war in 1971.

The India-Pakistan War 1965

This war is also known as the Second Kashmir War. The trigger for this war was the infiltration of Pakistani troupes in India with the aim of recapturing Kashmir. This region is divided between the two countries since 1947 and it has remained a bone of contention ever since. Pakistan had called this maneuver ‘Operation Gibraltar’. In August 1965 the troupes of both countries crosses the cease-fire borders and captured cities in the opposite territories.
The war mostly fought by the infantry and air forces escalated out of control by September 1965 when China threatened to intervene. USA and Great Britain prevented this from happening by appealing to UN and as a result of their intervention India and Pakistan withdrew their forces to the territory demarcated before the war commenced.
The then Prime Ministers of both countries, Mr Lal Bahadur Shashti (India) and Mr Ayub Khan met subsequently in Tashkent (USSR) in January 1966 to sign an agreement which binds both the countries to peace and observance of cease-fire terms and conditions.

The India-Pakistan War 1971

Though this war is commonly known as Indo-Pakistan war, it is actually the Bangladesh Liberation War. This war started internally in Pakistan on 3rd December 1971 and ended with a major defeat to Pakistan on 16th December 1971 when Bangladesh gains its Independence.
The conflict was triggered by the unrest between the East and West Pakistan when the former demanded more freedom and autonomy. The East Pakistan constituted mostly of Bengalis. USA actively supported Pakistan in this war while India with support from France and United Kingdom backed the East Pakistani Bengalis in their fight for freedom. The coup de grace came when USSR joined India through a treaty signed on August 9th, 1972 which assured their friendship and cooperation at all levels between the two countries.
India launched a counter attack on Pakistan following their air assault on Indian Territory. The Indian Army was able to occupy the entire eastern half, which later declared itself as an Independent country, i.e. Bangladesh on December 6th, 1971. The internal conflict as well as the casualty of the war coupled with the fact that some 10 millions Bengalis fled the country to India (due the war) crippled Pakistan to a very large extent. For a while it was believed that Pakistan might not survive this defeat.
However, in 1972 India and Pakistan entered a new treaty called the Shimla Accord under the persuasion from the UN and peace once again prevailed. As a sign of goodwill, India returned a large part of the occupied territory – some 13 thousand kilometers square as a gesture of goodwill. In 1974 Pakistan recognized Bangladesh as an independent entity and country.

PAKISTAN

August 14, 1947 Partition and independence; Mohammad Ali Jinnah becomes Governor General; Liaqath Ali Khan becomes Prime Minister
September 11, 1948 Jinnah dies; Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes Governor General
October 1951 Liaqath Ali Khan assassinated; Ghulam Mohammad becomes Governor General
August 1955 Ghulam Mohammad dies; succeeded by Iskander Mirza
October 1955 One Unit established, incorporating the four provinces of West Pakistan
March 23, 1956 Constitution adopted; Mirza becomes President
October 7, 1958 President Mirza abrogates constitution, declares martial law
October 27, 1958 Mirza sent into exile; General Mohammad Ayub Khan begins rule
September 1965 War with India over KASHMIR ISSUE.
March 25, 1969 Ayub resigns as result of public pressure; General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan assumes power.
July 1, 1970 One unit abolished, four provinces reestablished in West Pakistan
December 1970 First general elections; Awami League secures majority in East Pakistan & People’s Party in West Pakistan.
March 25, 1971 East Pakistan attempts to secede; civil war begins
December 1971 Indo-Pakistani War; East Pakistan becomes the independent state of Bangladesh; Yahya resigns; President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto takes charge as the Civilian Martial Law Administrator.
July 2, 1972 Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi conclude Simla Agreement
August 14, 1973 New Constitution goes into effect with Bhutto as Prime Minister
February 22-25, 1974 Islam Summit Conference held in Lahore
March 1977 General elections; massive victory by Bhutto's party evokes widespread rioting and protest
July 5, 1977 Martial law proclaimed
September 1978 Mohammad Zia ul Haq becomes President
April 4, 1979 Bhutto hanged
March 4, 1981 Provisional Constitutional Order, which in effect suspended 1973 Constitution
August 12, 1983 President Zia announces that martial law will be lifted in 1985, (Martial Law under General Zia-ul-Haq 1977-1985)
Referendum 1984
February 1985 General Elections
Islamization Under General Zia-ul-Haq
The Afghan War Settlement
[1985-88] Muhammad Khan Junejo Becomes Prime Minister
[1985] Historic 8th Amendment is passed
[1988] Death of General Zia-ul-Haq
[1988] Benazir Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister
[1988] Ghulam Ishaq Khan Becomes President
[1990] Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1990] Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister
[1993] Balakh Sher Mazari Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1993] Moin Qureshi Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1993] Benazir Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister
[1993] Sardar Farooq Legahri Becomes President
[1996] Malik Meraj Khalid Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1997] Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister
[1997] Thirteenth Amendment is Passed
[1997] Fourteenth Amendment is Passed
[1998] Muhammad Rafiq Tarar Elected as President
[1998] Pakistan: A Nuclear Power
[1999] The Lahore Declaration
[1999] The Kargil Offensive
[1999] Military Comes to Power Again
[June, 2001] Pervez Musharraf becomes President
[2001] Agra Summit
[2001] Local Government System
[2001] September Eleven and Its Aftermath
Referendum 2002
Legal Framework Order 2002
General Elections 2002
[2002] Zafarullah Khan Jamali Becomes Prime Minister: Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali was elected the 20th Prime Minister of Pakistan by the newly elected Parliament on November 21, 2002. President General Pervez Musharraf administered the oath to the new Prime Minster at the Aiwan-i-Sadr on November 23. He now heads Pakistan's first civilian government after three years of military rule of General Pervez Musharraf.

MUGHAL PERIOD

1526 Babur victorious in first Battle of Paniput
1530-1556 Wars of succession
1556 Akbar victorious in second Battle of Paniput
1556-1605 Reign of Akbar the Great
1605-1627 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading center
1628-1658 Reign of Shah Jahan
1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb
1761 Third Battle of Panipat; an Afghan victory over a Maratha army
1707-1858 Decline of the Mughal Empire

British India
1757 Battle of Plassey - British victory over Mughal forces in Bengal; conventional date for beginning of
British rule in India
1784 William Pitt's India Act
1799-1839 Sikh kingdom in the Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures
1838-1842 First Afghan war
1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad and Khairpur
1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex the Punjab and sell Kashmir, Gilgit, and Ladakh "Package," known as Kashmir
1857-1858 Uprising, variously known as the first war of independence, the Mutiny,and the Sepoy Rebellion
1858 British Raj begins
1878-1880 Second Afghan War
1885 Indian National Congress formed
1893 Durand Line established as boundary between Afghanistan and British India
1905 Partition of Bengal
1906 All-India Muslim League founded
1911 Partition of Bengal annulled
1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Third Afghan War
1935 Government of India Act of 1935
March 23, 1940 Muslim League adopts Pakistan Resolution

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

The Muslim revival began towards the end of the last century when Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, a renowned Muslim leader and educationist, launched a movement for intellectual renaissance of the Muslims of South Asia. In 1930, the well-known poet-philosopher, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, conceived the idea of a separate state for the Muslims of South Asia. In 1940, a resolution was adopted by the All-India Muslim League, demanding a separate independent home land for the Muslims. After 07 years of un-tiring struggle under the brilliant leadership of Quaid-e-Azam (the great leader) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan emerged on the world map as a sovereign state, on 14th August, 1947.

CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
This is the summary of important historical events of the subcontinent.

Ancient Empires
3000-1500 B.C. Harappan culture in the Indus Valley and elsewhere
500-500 B.C.Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; the Vedic Age
550-486 B.C.Life of Gautama Buddha, founding of Buddhism
320-180 B.C.Mauryan Empire; Asoka most famous emperor; spread of Buddhism
180 B.C - 150 A.D.Saka dynasties in Indus Valley and northwest
78-200 A.D. Kushan Empire; Gandharan art flourishes
300-700 A.D Gupta Empire; Classical Age in northern India

QUAI-I-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH (1876-1948)

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in Karachi on 25 December 1876. He was born into a trading from Gujrat that had settled in Karachi. There was littel in his family back ground that suggested that he would be the father of a naton. However from a young age Jinnah showed confidence and intelligence and was sent to England at the age of 15 to study law. After completing his legal studies at the age of 18 Jinnah had to stay on another two years so that he was of an age to be officially called to the Bar. He now developed an interest in politics by watching debates in the house of Commons in London and helped in the election of an Indian to parliament.
He returned to Karachi at the age of 20 one of the youngest lawyers in the subcontinent to set up practice in Bombay. Within a few years he had made a name for himself as one of the best and brightest barrister in Bombay. He charged more than others but clients happily paid knowing the professional dedication and integrity with which he worked and of his excellent record of winning eases. One rich clinet tried to pay him more than the agreed fee and was coldly sent the extra amount back. In his personal life Jinnah was married in 1918 to the daughter of a Parsee businessman. His new wife ruttie converted to Islam. The following years a daughter dina was born.
In 1909 Jinnah made his first formal entry into politics as a member of the Imperial Legislative Council where he soon made a favourabel impression. By chance one of the first motion on which Jinnah had to debate was a resolution debating the treatment of Indians living in South Africa led by another barrister named mohandas gandhi. Jinnah also joined the Muslim League in 1913
but like many Muslims felt that there was no contradiction at this stage in being a member of both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.
Cooperation between the Muslim League and Congress continued. At the end of 1915 they agreed to hold their end of years rallies in Bombay largely at Jinnah's initiative. yhe experiment was not however a success as the Muslim League meetings were regularly interrupted and the police refused to intervene. By 1916 Jinnah was one of the leading fingers in the increasingly active independence movement. He was tipped by many as the perfect example of a person who was respected and admired by both Hindus and Muslims. In Lucknow that same year Jiinah negotiated with the Congress to iron out a pact which would lead to a common policy in dealing wuth the British.
Jinnah resigned from the Executive Council in 1919 in protest at the passing of the infamous rowlatt Act which was designed to crush any anti-British activity. Over the next few years he gradually broke with Congress. The adoption of more Hindu slogans and the gradual growth of Gandhi's influence alienated Jinnah from the Congress. In 1921 when the Congress
backed out of the separate electorates agreed in 1916 the road was set for a confrontation. At Nagpur in the same year Gandhi had proposals passed which finally persuaded Jinnah to leave the Comgress never to return as a member.
This did not mean that Jinnah gave up on the idea of reconciling the Muslim and hindu communities so that they could work towards independence. In 1928 at the congress session at Calcutta he tried to reach a compromise on separate electorates in Muslim-majority areas but the nehru report in that years effectively meant the end to political news was follwed by a personal tragedy the death of his wife of tuberculosis in 1928.
By 1930 the political situation in India depressed Jinnah so much that he seriously considerd settling in England. He was invited to attend the round tabel Conference in London in that year but did not return to the subcontinent although he did attend another round tabel Conference in 1931 where he was joined by gandhi Jinnah tried to persusde the Congress-nominated Muslims to unite with the Muslim League. He was disillusioned enough not to attend the third conference in 1932. He was regularly visited at his comfortable London home by Muslim visitor including Allama Iqbal. The major topic of conversation was the sad state of the Muslim League which had almost collapsed. some of its leaders had died while others like Jinnah had moved abroad.
Jinnah received another group of visitors from the subcontinent in july1933. they were Liaquat ali khan later to be first prime minister of pakistan and his new wife. Liaquat tried to convince Jinnah to return to the subcontinent. Although all efforts by the newly-married couple seemed to fail Liaquat eventually received a promise that when he went back to India he thought fit when in late 1933 Liaquat Ali Khan sent the message Return Jinnah did exactly that.
In April 1934 Jinnah was sworn in as the life president of the Muslim League and reentered the Central Assembly again to use his skill as a parliamentarian. Jinnah however realized that the Muslim League had to go beyond the well-education and wealthy Muslims, who were its main mambers and supporters and appeal to the Muslim masses. It was not until the 1937 provincial elections that Jinnah was tested in the electoral field. The first experience was sobering as the Muslim League did not perform as wall as it had hoped. it won many seats in areas where the muslims were in a minority but did not do at all well in muslim-majority areas, where regional parties performed far better. jinnah learned from this experience and in future ,the muslim League was to appeal to all muslim , not just those muslim who lived in areas where hindus predominated . it was no coincidence , therefore,that Lahore was chosen as the venus from which the muslim League was to demand a separte muslim homeland in march 1940.
With hindsight , the fact that the congress did so well in the 1937 elections was to prove to be a future blessing for the Leagus. Congress refused to share power in areas even where the muslim league had receved a large proportion of the muslim votes.This fact coupled with the arrgance with which congress ruled gave the Muslim League invaluable evidence of the fate of Muslim when and if the British were to leave. Jinnah wisely chose not to publicly criticize non-Muslim League leader in the Punjab and Bengal for the sake of Muslim unity and concentrated unsted on the Congress part. The strategy was not only wise it was alsosuccessful. Muslim League membership rose from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands peaking at two million in 1947. Jinnah was now known as the Quaid-i-Azam the great leader. He was the undisputed leader of the Muslim community and recognized reluctantly as such by the Congress and the British.
the outbreak of the second World war also helped Jinnah as the Congress party directed its ministers to resign from their posts, the muslim league said it world not discourage muslims from joining the army if the british promised the muslims a fair hearing once the war was over with the resignation of the congress was shocked to discover that this call was almost universally heeded. Gandhi now tried to woo Jinnah by addressing him as the Quaid-i-Azam and trying to extract a reassurance that he would not press for a separate muslim homeland, Jinnah replied categorically that India was not a nation it is a subcontinent composed of nationalities.
March 1940 saw the final stage unfold. The Pakistan resolution declared that a sovereign and separate muslim state was now the formal muslim league demand, Jinnah's political strength with the obvious popularity that he and the muslim league now enjoyed meant that the british could not contemplate leaving the subcontinent without a settlement acceptable to him. In 1944 the muslim keague had two million members and in by elections between 1937 and 1943 the league won 47 out of 61 seats. The final attempt by the british to broken a deal before leaving was in the summer of 1945 at Simla. The talks broke down but it was obvious to both the hindus and the british that Jinnah could not be threatened or brought. the muslim masses loved and trusted him even though he made most of his speeshes in English a language few understood. His combination of honesty and firmness meant he would not be sidetracked and his superb legal mind saw the possible trape and weaknesses of his opponents.
Pakistan was within sight as the war ended and frantic political activitysaw Jinnah winning crucial concessions from both the Congress and the British for an independent and sovereign Muslim state. In return Jinnah had to agree to the partition of the Punjab and Bengal into MUslim and hindu districts. On 7 August 1947 , Jinnah flew from Delhi to Karachi the new capital of the state he had created. Before stepping onto the plane he was reported to have paused and looked at the city from where the Muslims had ruled the subcontinent for almost 700 years. The Quaid wondered aloud whether it would be his last everlook at delhi. That was indeed to be the case. Huge crowd at Karachi received him jubilantly and lifted his spirits. He entered the governor-general's residence as the first governor-general of Pakistan.
The celebration and ceremonies planned for 14 august were being carried out against a backdrop of horrific violence and bloodshed. The Quaid tried his best to reassure minorities of their protection in the state of Pakistan. He urged the entire country to look forward to the future after all the bitterness of recent events. Jinnah tired to peruade hindus , sikhs and christians to stay on in Pakistan as they had nothing to fear from the Muslims population.
as governor-general Jinnah was primarily concerned with trying to keep the administration running and was concerned with the Kashmir dispute which had broken out just a month after the independence of India and Pakistan. With such problem facing the new stat it is hardly surprising that it took its toll on the health of the Quaid. He had know for many years that he was dying of tuberculosis but had kept that fact a secret and carried on as if he was in good health. Jinnah suggested to loard mountbatten in September 1947 that as the governor-general of India mountbatten should fly to Lahore where both of them would have complete power to resolve the kashmir issue. The India goverment refused and the Quaid spent most of the end of 1947 in severe pain due to failing health. By April 1948 he was too ill to remain in the humidity of Karachi. He moved to Ziarat a hill station near Quetta where ho took his work with him. On 11 September he was moved back to Karachi which he reached with difficulty as his ambulance from tyhe airport broke down and another had to be found. That night the Quaid-i-Azam passed away in the governor-general'sresidence leaving a nation orphaned and stunned.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a unique character in the series of people who contributed to the protection and safeguarding of Muslim interests. He was not a great writer or thinker he was warrior or soldier nor was he a king or a religious figure. He was simlpy a brilliant and dedicated advocate who decided to fight the biggest case of his life against the most difficult court in the world.He did not do it for money or fame or fame as he had both before deciding on this struggle in his will he donated his vast wealth to Muslim universities and colleges. Although all Pakistanis regret that he did not live long enough to secure a constitutional basis for the nation it should be remembered that but for his determination he should not have survived as long as he did and Pakistan may never have been born.

ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL (1877-1938)

Allama Iqbal is among the greatest thinkers, writers and poets in moder Islamic history.. He was born in Sialkot in northern Punjab on 9 november 1877.He recive his early education from silkot be for coming to lahore where he completed his masters from gorment collage lohare iqbal then thaught philosophy at goverment college and established hinself as a talented poet before going to England for further studies while studying philosophy at cambridge university Iqbal also studied law and was called to the bar at lincoln's inn. He went on to receive his doctorate in philosophy from Germany and seriously contemplated giving up poetry altogether. However Iqbal fortunately changed his mind and returnrd to lahore.
On his return to the subcontinent Iqbal could obviously not remain aloof from the major politcal and religious upheavals that were taking place in the region. In spite of his praise for the early Sufis , Iqbal became concerned that sufism as practised in the subcontinent was losing sight of the true spirit and message of Islam . It was this conviction that evenutually led Iqbal to the conclusion that nothing less than a separate homeland for the muslims was necessary in order to enable the Muslim community to rediscover Islam . He wrote poems in honour of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi and felt that Aurangzeb was right in believing that the strength of Islam depended on the strenth of the muslims not the support of the hindus. In 1922 he was knighted by the british in recognition of hid poetry but its timing at the height of the Khilafat Movement showed how little active politics interested him at this stage. In 1926 Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council. His writing was now at its peak and in 1930 he published one of his most famous works, Iqbal is best remembered of Religious thought in Islam. However Iqbal is best remembered for his remarkable talent in advancing philosophical thought through poetry. The political and mental weakness of the Muslims community depressed Iqbal and his poetry urged his reders to the reality of their position. Iqbal while exhorting the muslims to think and act emphasized that.
His brilliance could not go unnoticed by the muslim league and in 1930 he was asked to chair the muslim league confernce in Allahabad. It was his presidential address that he formally stated that the Muslims of the subcontinent should now start working towards an independent muslims homeland Iqbal stated and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state the formation of a consolidated north west Indian Muslims state appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims. This was the first thime that any senior Muslim politician had made such a demand. It was ten years later that Muhammad Ali Jinnah as president of the Muslim League formally made the same demand with the PAKISTAN resolution.
Iqbal managed to attend the round table conference in 1931 and 1932 in London in spite of his ill health there were meetings and an exchange of letters between Iqbal and the Quiad-e-Azam as Iqbal had realized that jinnah to declare a Muslim homeland to be the Muslim League something which Iqbal did not live to see. He managed to write till his death on 21 april 1938. It was tragic that he did not live to see the Muslim homeland he had written and spoken of so often. He gave the Muslim debate a practical direction providing an intellectual basis for the demand for a sparate homeland. his guaratees him a truly special place stuggle for PAKISTAN

THE QUAID AND PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN was thus born on 14 AUGUST 1947. THE new state of pakistan consisted of two wings: west and east pakistan west pakistan comprised west punjab , sindh , balochistan and the north west fontier province in addition ten princely states joined pakistan , including bahawalpur , khairpur , chitral , lasbela and kalat east pakistan consisted of the old province of east bengal with yhe addition of the district of sylhet, which had voted in a referendum to join pakistan . after the excitment and joy of independence, the first government of pakistan had look at its problems. THE QUAID-I-AZAM Muhammad ali jinnah , had been sworn in as the first governor - general of pakistan with liaquat ali khan , his faithful lieutennant as the first prime minister the territory of the new state was in two parts , separated by thousands of kilometres of Indian land the new country lacked skilled manpower , an education workforce and even a basic physical and administrative machinery . It was not until 16 August 1947 that Pakistan was even told the exact demarcation of its border with India . However perhaps the most serious problem for the new state was dying and had been very ill even as he was working hard to creat the state Jinnah had spent the previous few years in severe pain, fighiting against tuberculosis. He knew that he had little time to live and had been worried that the protection he soyght for the muslims may not be achieved during his lifetime. His speech on 11 agust 1947 to the future constituent assembly of pakistan ,before the flag of Pakistan had even been unfurled. It is important enough to be quoted in full.

PAKISTAN BEAUTYFUL PICTURES

PAKISTAN FARMOUR PICTURES

PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS

THE united nations Organization (uno) was established officially in october 1945 with the singning of the united nations charter. THE UNITED NATIONS was born out of the old league of nations , an earlier attempt to establish an Organization which would help prevent wars and provide a forum for discussion and dispute resolution. Although the league failed to avert the second world war the ideas of setting up an Organization that would improve upon the league was unanmiously agreed. The united nations charter is specific in its aim of trying to ensure peace and coordination among member countries. The united nations has also tried to help in the field of economic and social development and has set up many specilized bodies to oversee different areas from law to labour. The un has six major organs

PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS

THE united nations Organization (uno) was established officially in october 1945 with the singning of the united nations charter. THE UNITED NATIONS was born out of the old league of nations , an earlier attempt to establish an Organization which would help prevent wars and provide a forum for discussion and dispute resolution. Although the league failed to avert the second world war the ideas of setting up an Organization that would improve upon the league was unanmiously agreed. The united nations charter is specific in its aim of trying to ensure peace and coordination among member countries. The united nations has also tried to help in the field of economic and social development and has set up many specilized bodies to oversee different areas from law to labour. The un has six major organs

PAKISTAN AIR FORCE JET

PAKISTAN AIR FORCE IS BEST FORCE IN WORLD WE ARE PROUD OUR FORCE

Pakistan has ordered a total of 111 F-16A/B aircraft. Of these, 71 were embargoed by the US due to Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. Of these 71, 28 were actually built but were flown directly to the AMARC at Davis-Monthan AFB for storage.
Over the years, various plans were conceived for these 28 aircraft: Pakistan wanted to get the aircraft or their money back; they were offered to various nations, none of which were interested; ultimately, the US Navy and USAF entered them into service as aggressor aircraft.
After Pakistan's help in the war on terror, the US lifted the embargo. In 2005, Pakistan requested 24 new Block 50/52 F-16C/Ds (with option for as much as 55 aircraft). At this moment, it is still debated in the US wether these aircraft will be delivered.
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Peace Gate I

Pakistani F-16A #82702 over the Indus river, near Attock. Note the standard PAF F-16 color scheme.
In December 1981, the government of Pakistan signed a letter of agreement for the purchase of up to 40 F-16A/B (28 F-16A and 12 F-16B) fighters for the Pakistan Fiza'ya (Pakistan Air Force, or PAF). The deal would be split into two batches, one of 6 aircraft and the other of 34. The first aircraft were accepted at Fort Worth in October of 1982, and the first F-16, flown by Squadron Leader Shahid Javed, landed in Pakistan at Sargodha Air Base on January 15th, 1983 as part of a package of 6 'Peace Gate I' aircraft (2 A's and 4 B's).

Combat
Pakistan was the second nation (after Israel) to use the F-16 in combat. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 in support of the pro-Soviet government in Kabul, which was being hard-pressed by Mujahadeen rebel forces, marked the start of a decade-long occupation. Mujahadeen rebels continued to harass the occupying Soviet military force as well as the forces of the Afghan regime that it was supporting. The war soon spilled over into neighboring Pakistan, with a horde of refugees fleeing to camps across the border in an attempt to escape the conflict. In addition, many of the rebels used Pakistan as a sanctuary from which to carry out forays into Afghanistan, and a steady flow of US-supplied arms were carried into Afghanistan from staging areas in Pakistan near the border. This inevitably resulted in border violations by Soviet and Afghan aircraft attempting to interdict these operations.
Between May 1986 and November of 1988, PAF F-16s have shot down at least eight intruders from Afghanistan. The first three of these (one Su-22, one probable Su-22, and one An-26) were shot down by two pilots from No. 9 Squadron. Pilots of No. 14 Squadron destroyed the remaining five intruders (two Su-22s, two MiG-23s, and one Su-25). Most of these kills were by the AIM-9 Sidewinder, but at least one (a Su-22) was destroyed by cannon fire. Flight Lieutenant Khalid Mamood is credited with three of these kills. At least one F-16 was lost in these battles, this one in an encounter between two F-16s and six Afghan Air Force aircraft on April 29th, 1987. However, the lost F-16 appears to have been an 'own goal', having been hit by a Sidewinder fired by the other F-16. The unfortunate F-16 pilot (Flight Lieutenant Shahid Sikandar Khan) ejected safely.

PAKISTAN AIR FORCE PICTURES

PAKISTAN AIR FORCE HISTORY

Andrew Brookes analyses the Pakistan Air Force which, with the lifting of a Western arms embargo, is in the process of modernisation.
Formed on August 15, 1947, with only a handful of aircrafts and men, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) now compromises around 330 combat aircrafts and 45,000 uniformed personnel. Under the Chief and Vice Chief of Air Staff., PAF Air HQ has five Deputy Chiefs responsible for operations, engineering, personnel, administration and training respectively. Geographically, the PAF is divided into three regional commands – Northern (HQ at Peshawar), Central (HQ at Sargodha) and Southern (HQ at Masroor, Karachi). These serve as the equivalent of the RAF Fighter Command groups during the Battle of Britain. Within the Commands are four sector operations centres (SOCs) – North (Peshawar), West (Quetta), Centre (Sargodha) and South (Karachi) – with seven subordinate control and reporting centres. As in so many other ways, if you want to see how the British military once did business, you need to look no further than the Indian subcontinent.
The PAF has nine main operating bases that are fully functional in both peace and wartime. These are supplemented by eleven forward bases which become fully operational in time of war, nine forward attack bare bases while the 211-mile (340km) long M-2 motorway has dispersal strips in the Swedish Air Force fashion.
The PAF has some 22 combat squadrons, six squadrons flying Aerospatiale Alouette IIIs on search and rescue/liaison duties and a composite air transport wing. Pakistan Naval Aviation looks after maritime air operations with Lockheed martin P-3C Orions, Breguet Atlantics, Fokker F-27s, Westland Sea King Mk45s, Westland Lynx HAS3 and Alouette IIIs. Pakistan Army Aviation Corps flies a mixture of fixed and rotary wing aircraft in close support of ground operations. Its main firepower is provided by Bell AH-1s Cobras.
Perceived Threat & Global Challenge
From its creation, Pakistan has believed itself ‘stuck between a rock and a hard place”. Although it shares a border with China, the most populous nation on earth, what really matters in the relationship with India. In 1947 the departing British craved India into Muslim and Hindu majority states. It was a bloody business and as Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs turned on each other, around a million people died and 17 million fled to which ever state offered them the security of majority status. This legacy explains why Pakistan devotes a s crushing share of its resources to defense. The country has been on a war footing for the whole of its existence, and has been ruled by military governments for around half that time. India’s obsession with Pakistan is less intense, but the sense of siege each instills in the other palpable. It is arguable that abiding disputes with India over Jammu and Kashmir, the Siachen glacier and control of Kashmir are what keep Pakistan together, but the idea of standing ready to deter any malign Indian intent is what underpins PAF doctrine and strategy.
During three weeks last September the PAF carried out Exercise High Mark 2005. This involved all major PAF main and forward operating bases and the scenario centered on air operations against increasing Indian Air Force (IAF) activity over the hilly terrain of Kashmir. The PAF commands divided their aircraft to form ‘Blue’ (PAF) and ‘Fox’ (IAF) Forces, and the PAF simulated the use of AIM-9P/L, R-550 Magic, R-Darter, Exocet, Maverick and cluster bomb weaponry. Two operation headquarters were set up from where ‘Blue and ‘Fox’ air forces engaged in simulated fully-fledged actions in concert with ground troops and army aviation. During High Mark 2005, Pakistani aircrews flew over 8,000 sorties.
The Pakistani strategy was defensive in nature, and aimed to culminate on a favorable note to give political leaders an edge on the negotiation table. The PAF is in no position to do other than make any opponent think long and hard before attacking. The IAF outnumbers it in uniformed personnel by some 4:1, and the ratio is high when it comes to modern, latest technology aircrafts of which the Indian Sukhoi Su-30MKI Flanker and Dassault Mirage 2000H have deeper penetration capabilities. The IAF is also bless with larger reserves, a greater beyond visual range (BVR) capacity, a larger inventory of specialist weapons, and unchallenged strategic reconnaissance capability, more surface-to-surface missiles, more potent terminal defenses, up to three times as many attack helicopters, a much superior air lift capability, satellite facilities and stealth technology. That said, the Pakistan media took it for granted that of course ‘Blue’ forces will have the quality and training edge over the ‘Fox’ forces, plus the vision and the planning capacities of the PAF leadership will serve as a booster.
During the Cold War, non-aligned India was regarded as pro-USSR while Pakistan enjoyed a close relationship with the US and France. French Mirages entered service with the PAF in 1967, and subsequent orders followed in the 1970s. In general terms, Dessault Mirage IIIs are high-speed, all weather, long-range interceptors and flight-bombers while Mirage 5s are ground attack derivations. In 1990, the PAF received 43 second-hand Mirage IIIs and Vs from France. The US provided 40 Lockheed Martin F-16A/B Fighting Falcons in the 1980s and the PAF ordered another batch in 1990, but delivery was blocked by the US Congress to punish the Pakistanis for their nuclear weapon development programme.
India and Pakistan currently have around 40 nuclear warheads apiece. The two nations are going head-to-head in developing ballistic missile delivery system capable of covering each other’s territory. Until Pakistan’s Shaheen II missile with its 1.080nm (2,000km) range enters service. PAF F-16s and Mirage 5s are the long-range nuclear platforms.
As the smaller nation, Pakistan cannot afford to engage in an attack with India. Unlike India, Pakistan does not have a tri-service Strategic Forces Command. Pakistani warheads and army’s or air force delivery systems are based separately. Its minimum nuclear deterrence relies on conventional forces holding the line for as long as it takes for nuclear warheads to be deployed forward and loaded as the PAF lacks a quick reaction alert capability. A PAF F-16s and Mirage 5s are not as potent as their IAF Mikoyan MIG-27M Flogger, Mirage 2000H and Su-30MKI equivalents. Pakistani deterrence relies on qualitative upgrades and survivability. High Mark 05 culminated in testing Pakistan’s nuclear operational preparedness.
“These past 15 years have been particularly difficult as we had no access to contemporary technology and lacked the resources to launch major acquisition programmes,” admitted Ex Air Chief Marshal Kaleem Saadat, Ex-Commander in Chief PAF, in a recent interview. “So this was a period of improvisation and struggle as the PAF sought to maintain a combat capability with adequate deterrent value.” Faced with the Western embargo, Pakistan turned to China as its principal arms supplier, from whom it had already obtained Chengdu F-7P and F-7G multirole fighters and Nanchang A-5III close air support ground attack aircraft. The F-7 is the Mig-21 Fishbed built under Chinese licensed manufacture, and the PAF acquired 55 of the latest F-7PG medium technology variants from 2002 to keep its aircrew current pending the introduction of more capable platforms and weapon systems.
During the period of sanctions, Pakistan felt sidelined as its Indian neighbor received more advanced combat aircrafts, plus new capabilities such as airborne early warning and control aircraft, air-to-air refueling, balloon-borne surveillance radars, real-time reconnaissance through unmanned air vehicles, beyond visual range (BVR) air-to-air weapons, and frequency-hopping and secure radio communications. Consequently, the PAF relied on self-help and collaboration. Pakistani technicians modified the South African T-Darter medium-range, active radar-guided air-to-air missiles (AAM) into the H-4 BVR missile capable operating out to a reported distance of 65nm (120km). A lighter infra-red version, the H-2 was designed to hit targets out to 32nm (60km). H-2 and H-4 can be carried by Mirages, with the former comparable to the Python 4 and the H-4 to the AA-12 Adder in the IAF arsenal.
Pakistan has also developed a cruise missile system – unsubtly named ‘Babur’ after Mogul emperor who invaded India five times – with rumored design help from Chinese or Ukrainian engineers as well as some help from Turkey. This high-speed, lo level terrain hugging missile is said to have a 270nm (500km) range and either a conventional or nuclear warhead. Babur initially is capable of being launched by land and submarine launch, but the longer term goal is to make it an air-to-surface weapon.Pakistan Air Force

PAKISTAN NAVY HISTORY

INTRODUCTION
Pakistan Navy is the naval force of the Pakistan Armed Forces. Its tasks are to defend coastal waters and offshore economic resources; and secure sea lines of communication and protect the merchant fleet. The Pakistan Navy is small but is highly motivated professional naval force, operationally capable of defending Pakistan coastline.
HISTORY
The Royal Pakistan Navy was born on 14th August 1947 on the independence day of Pakistan. As the partitioned occurred between India and Pakistan, Armed Forces Reconstruction Committee (AFRC) divided the Royal Indian Navy between India and Pakistan. The Royal Pakistan Navy was handed two sloops, two frigates, four minesweepers, two trawlers, four harbour launches with some 3580 personnel consisted of 180 officers and 3400 ratings.
In 1956, The Islamic Republic of Pakistan was proclaimed under the 1956 constitution. The prefix Royal was dropped and the service re-designated as Pakistan Navy. Pakistan Navy Jack and Pakistani Flag replaced the Queen’s color and the white ensign respectively.
PRESENT
Today Pakistan Navy is one of the most professional naval forces in the world. It has more than 22,000 personnel and other 5,000 in reserve. The Pakistan Navy surface fleet is compromised of various squadrons according to the types of ships in service. Pakistan Navy currently operates 6 Amazon Type 21 Class destroyers, one Leander class frigate (training), 3 French Eridan Class mine hunter vessels, 4 Jalalat Class missile boats, including variety of other latest auxiliaries, tankers, missiles and patrol boats.
While the current surface fleet may not look good enough as the other modern navies continue to enjoy new ships and technology. The navy was able to succeed in upgrading these ships to modern standards technology. However, Pakistan Navy does operate one of the most advanced diesel-powered submarines in the world, French Agosta-90B currently two in service while the last one is under sea trials and close to be operational. Other than that Pakistan operates two Agosta-70 class submarines and three midget class submarines.
The Pakistan Navy Aviation wing may look small compare to the Army Aviation, however it does play significant role in the navy and will surely do so in the time of conflict. Pakistan Naval Aviation currently operates 3 Westland Lynx, 6 Westland Sea King Mk45, 8 Aerospatiale SA-319B Alouette III, 4 Lockheed P-3C Orion, 8 Fokker F27-200, 2-3 Breguet Atlantique I, and special wing of Mirage V anti-ship fighter aircrafts operated by Pakistan Air Force.
FUTURE
As per by the approval of Armed Forces Development Programme 2019 (AFFDP-2019), launched by the government of Pakistan. Pakistan Navy will be able to modernize itself into one of the modern navies in the world replacing, inducting and manufacturing different naval equipment to insure that it is able to take the new challenges facing our nation.
In the surface fleet, Pakistan Navy is going to induct newly built 4 F-22p Zulfiqar Class (Modernized Type 053H3 Jiangwei II) destroyers. Pakistan Navy also has officially put up a formal request for six Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates to augment its surface fleet while consideration of 4 modern corvettes to be built alongside with F-22p in Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works (KS&EW) is in the process. The competitors for modern corvettes may be French DCN Gowind 120, German TKMS MEKO A-100/D, and Turkish Milgem corvettes. The navy also plans to manufacture and procure additional mine hunters, tankers, missile and patrol boats.
In the submarine fleet, as all the Daphne class submarines of the Pakistan Navy have retired. Pakistan needs more submarines to meet its requirements as per by that. Pakistan Navy is currently in negotiation for French Marlin and German U-214 submarines, while U-214 being most likely the choice.
In the naval aviation, Pakistan Navy will receive 6 Z-9C anti-ship/sub helicopters with F-22p frigates, while it plans to induct 6 more P-3C Orion aircraft out of eight ordered. Pakistan Navy also plans to induct three Hawkeye 2000 airborne early warning systems based on P-3C Orion aircrafts, and might also induct dedicated JF-17 fighter for naval role.

PAKISTAN MILITRY HISTORY

Columnist A H AMIN makes a case study of Indo-Pak Wars.
India and Pakistan have fought three declared wars and many undeclared wars of proxy or low intensity wars. This article is a brief analysis of the essence of these wars at the strategic and operational level.
1947-48 Kashmir War
The 1947-48 War was an improvised war fought on an ad hoc basis. It began with some tangible operational strategy and little definite strategy on the Pakistan side and a definite operational strategy on the Indian side. At the onset Mr Jinnah the Governor General of Pakistan ordered the British Acting C in C Pakistan Army to order two brigades into Kashmir, one on the Sialkot-Jammu Axis and the other on Murree-Muzaffarabad-Srinagar-Axis. This was a tangible plan based on a precise strategy of severing Indian landward and aerial lines of communication to Kashmir. The plan was rendered null and void since the Britisher refused to obey Jinnah’s order.
This was followed by a hastily scrambled series of actions with regular Pakistan Army officers leading irregulars, irregulars besieging Indian/Dogra garrisons and conducting mini-wars against Chamb, Naushera, Srinagar, Skardu, Leh etc. In April 1948 the regular Pakistan Army entered the scene. At this stage the Indians were in a strategically disadvantageous position. Leh being cut off, Poonch besieged, Skardu besieged, Naushera threatened etc. At this stage the Pakistani strategy was to contain Indian Army advance towards Muzaffarabad, capture Poonch and safeguard Pakistan’s soft underbelly opposite Gujrat. No one at this stage thought of a ceasefire, which would have been of great strategic advantage to Pakistan. The Indians conceived a fine plan to outflank Muzaffarabad and executed a brilliant brigade level march across against the 3,000 metres plus high Nastachun Pass, thus unexpectedly forcing their way with great ease to Tithwal. The Pakistani official history noted “Brigadier Harbux Singh, commander of the 163 Brigade waited at Tithwal for two days to let the rest of his brigade join him there . He lingered a little longer to prepare for his next move and perhaps also to coordinate his moves with that of the Indian offensive in the Jhelum Valley for a two pronged push towards Muzaffarabad. This delay changed the subsequent course of history in Kishanganga Valley, as it enabled the first two companies of 4/16 Punjab under Major Mohammad Akbar Khan to reach by a forced march in the vicinity of Tithwal and take up positions there”1. The Pakistanis saved their position by reinforcing it with a brigade.
On the operational level the Pakistanis did well by capturing Pandu a position of tactical importance in the Jhelum Valley by a brilliant infiltration plan conceived by Commander 101 Brigade Brigadier Akbar Khan DSO with the indomitable Major Ishaq MC as his Brigade Major. Akbar deputed Lt Col Harvey Kelly, commanding 4/10 Baluch to plan the attack in detail.2 Pandu, however, was an operational episode of great tactical significance but limited strategic value.
From April 1948 to December 1948 the Pakistani GHQ merely reacted tactically moving companies and battalions while the Indians moved strategically. In Phase One, they recaptured Rajauri the gateway to Poonch with a single tank squadron! In Phase Two, they achieved two strategic triumphs! They forced their way through Zojila Pass driving on to relieve Leh and capture Kargil Dras and they relieved Poonch which was a mini-Indian East Pakistan surrounded from all sides by Pakistani troops.
At this stage the Pakistani GHQ had conceived the Operation Venus. Venus was a thrust against the Indian line of communication leading to Poonch Valley with an infantry and a heavy tank brigade in Naushera-Beri Patan area. At this stage the Indians were involved in the relief of Poonch and Leh and strategically off balance. The official account of 1970, however, maintains that the aim of Venus was not to sever the Indian line of communication to Poonch but merely to force the Indians for ceasefire which they did and which came into effect on night 31 Dec 1948/01 January 1949. If ceasefire was the aim then the Pakistani strategy was barren since a ceasefire in July 1948 would have been far more strategically desirable! This was so since in April 1948 Zojila (captured by Gilgit Scouts under Lieut Shah Khan on 7th July 1948) the gateway to Srinagar as well as Ladakh in Pakistani hands, the frontline near Rajauri and Poonch surrounded by Pakistani troops/irregulars. It is not clear what the Pakistani GHQ advised the civilians at this stage but no records have been made public which prove that they gave any advice!
In the 1960s General Fazal-i- Muqeem asserted that the ceasefire of 1948 took place to the army’s horror since the army was close to a great victory. However, this point is refuted by the Pakistan Army’s Official account of 1970. Much later in 1976 General Sher Ali who was commanding a brigade of the Venus Force asserted that had the operation been launched Pakistani tanks would have been in Jammu within no time! This has to be taken with a pinch of salt once we compare it to the performance of armour in an offensive role in 1965 and 1971!
The Kashmir War ended with the Indians as masters of Poonch Valley, Srinagar Valley and Leh Valley but with a communication to all three valleys running precariously close to the Pakistani border! Thus strategically the Indian position despite all their strategic triumphs was not secure since their line of communications offered multiple objectives to any single Pakistani thrust. One tank brigade with a twenty mile thrust could threaten the existence of a whole Indian army corps. The Indians took no care to remedy this state of affairs despite many war games held in their Kashmir Corps to show that the Pakistanis could threaten the Indian line of communication in Poonch Valley.3
1965 War
The 1965 War was a comical affair! Civilians at the foreign ministry assessed that the Indians could be knocked out at the strategic level while soldiers at the highest military level and political level, the president being a soldier were not interested in any military adventure. The civilian hawks led by Bhutto, however, were in league with a group of generals and brigadiers within the army and finally succeeded in persuading the president
(famous for tactical timidity in Burma) into embarking on a military adventure. Musa the army chief had little strategic insight and was against any military adventure in which he may be forced to exercise his qualities of leadership! Musa had rudimentary understanding of strategy and tank warfare since he was a political choice appointed more because he was seen as politically no threat rather than for any military strategic or operational talent!
The Pakistani offensive plan i.e. a thrust against Indian line of communication at Akhnur in case of a limited war in Kashmir or/and against Indian line of communication between Indian Corps holding Ravi-Sutlej Corridor at Jandiala Guru on Amritsar-Jullundhur road in case of an all out war was brilliant in conception. This was so because if successful any of the two plans would have forced the Indians to sue for peace at best and to surrender at worst. No less an authority than the Indian Western Command C in C Harbaksh Singh thus confessed
“A Blitzkrieg deep into our territory towards the Grand Trunk Road or the Beas Bridge would have found us in the helpless position of a commander paralysed into inaction for want of readily available reserves while the enemy was inexorably pushing deep into our vitals. It is a nightmarish feeling even when considered in retrospect at this stage”.
To the Pakistan Army’s misfortune a plan which was brilliant at the strategic and operational level failed simply because those who were leading the military machine at the highest level lacked the strategic insight as well as resolution! The first opportunity was thus missed in Chamb-Jaurian Sector, when even a foreigner i.e. Chinese Foreign Minister visiting Pakistani thought that Akhnur5 was the key!
The second and most serious operational failure occurred in Khem Karan.This had more to do with poor execution at the divisional and brigade level and poor initial higher organization and composition of troops at the divisional level. The first being an operational failure and the second being an organizational failure at the higher command level.
At the operational and tactical level three events stand out in the war i.e. the Grand Slam Operation in Chamb-Jaurian, blunting of Indian offensive at Chawinda at Gadgor on 8th September when one lone tank regiment gave a severe mauling to two tank regiments out of a total available Indian force of an armoured division, and a brigade level counter attack in Lahore Sector.
Grand Slam failed because of change of command! Not because Akhtar Malik was better than Yahya but because one man either Akhtar or Yahya should have conducted the whole operation! The Indians admitted that their position was saved because of the pause of 48 hours, which occurred at Tawi after the Pakistani Chief Musa ordered change of horses in the mid stream!
Now the battle of Gadgor. Technically Gadgor was 24 Infantry Brigade Group versus 1st Indian Armoured Division. In reality the contest was 25 Cavalry versus Poona and Hodsons Horse since 24 Brigade Commander told Colonel Nisar to “do something”6 the vaguest order of 1965 War! Nisar had no idea of what was in front but by a miraculous coup d oeil deployed his tank regiment 25 Cavalry in a manner which would produce an instant nervous breakdown in an instructor who taught tank tactics at the armour school! 25 Cavalry was deployed by Nisar like a thin line of steel! Like a thin net to catch a whale! The manoeuvre if it can be called one succeeded because the Indian brigade commander was paralysed by the fog of war! Thus Commander Indian 1st Armoured Brigade saw a finger as a mountain! He saw a threat to his flanks which in reality was a half squadron of Indian 62 Cavalry which had lost its way and fired at Indian Artillery opposite Rangre! What Nisar deployed after the “Do Something” order was seen by the Indian brigade commander as a tank brigade! Thus he lost the will to use two uncommitted tank regiments to outflank the Pakistani position! Gadgor was a psychological defeat inflicted on K.K Singh by Nisar with Nisar not knowing what was in front of him and K.K Singh over estimating three times what was really in front of him. Thus in cognitive terms, at Gadgor was a tank regiment commander who did not know what was in front of him against a tank brigade commander who was overawed by what he assessed was in front of him and was reduced into a state of total inertia and indecision. The important factor in this decisive battle was the fact that tangibly K.K Singh had the third tank regiment as well as three uncommitted squadrons within his two committed tank regiments with which he could have easily outflanked Nisar and got to his rear! Nisar had tangibly no reserves with which he could have countered K.K’s outflanking manoeuvre.
The counter attack of Brigadier Qayyum Sher in Lahore Sector was a successful divisional battle ordered by Major General Sarfaraz MC and executed by Brigadier Qayyum Sher most resolutely! It produced a crisis on the Indian side and threw the Indians off balance! Both retired in the same rank sometimes after the war!
1971 War
The 1971 War was a strange war! The Indians won great glory but failed to strategically solve their military problems! They overran East Pakistan creating a new state of Bangladesh but merely reduced Pakistan’s defence problems and increased their own problems by creating a new state which became more hostile to India and is far more difficult to militarily to deal with than the old East Pakistan!
The Indians, and an authority no less eminent than their 1971 GOC Western Command General Candeth have admitted that had the Pakistanis started a pre-emptive war in October 1971 all their plans to attack East Pakistan would have been thrown to the winds!7 But strategic insight had not been inculcated yet in the Pakistan Army! The Pakistanis waited and allowed the Indians to attack them in December 1971.
Much has been said about a Pakistani counter offensive in December 1971 to save East Pakistan. At this stage the Indian 1 Corps was in position and the Pakistani Higher Command like K.K Singh on 8th September to gamble their last card! There was a reason for this inaction. One that the cost was too heavy and the second that armour higher commanders (the CGS Gul Hassan and GOC 1st Armoured Division) as Yahya Khan asserts had lost the will to launch an attack.
Two cases of operational brilliance and one case of a Gadgor type tactical heroic stand out in 1971. These are the cases of the Pakistani 23 Division offensive in Chamb, the Indian defence of Poonch and the Barapind-Jarpal Battle. In Chamb Pakistan’s General Eftikhar successfully fought a divisional battle in which he deliberately manoeuvred a force of two plus tank regiments inflicting a severe mauling on the Indians forcing them to abandon Chamb. Eftikhar was firmly in control at all stages. When his initial tank thrust was checked at Maandiala he did not sink into inertia or indecision like K.K Singh at Gadgor or Pakistan’s Naseer at Khem Karan! Nor did Eftikhar tell his armoured brigade commander to “Do Something”! Eftikhar did not abdicate the conduct of operational strategy to any tank regiment of tank brigade commander! He resolutely regrouped his command and launched another attack from the south emerging victorious! The second case was the Indian stand at Poonch. The Pakistanis conceived a fine plan to capture Poonch but the Indian brigade commander at Poonch was too resolute while the Pakistani divisional and brigade commanders at Poonch lost their nerve!
The third case of a Gadgor type battle occurred at Barapind! Here the Pakistani tank brigade commander gave a simple order to resort to counter penetration to his tank regiment commander who on his own converted it into an attack! Unfortunately he carried out a piece meal attack, first sending in a squadron and then two more! The Indians admit that had 13 Lancers attacked with all three squadrons8 they would have broken through despite nominal artillery support. The hero of this battle was not the Indian brigade or regiment commander but the Indian squadron who blunted the attack and the Indian troop leader Arun Khetarpal who stopped the attack by skin of his teeth losing his life in the process! In words of Indian Armoured Corps historian the Indian success was attributable to a ‘last ditch stand by just one tank troop leader’.
1984 Crisis
The 1984 Crisis was a calculated Indian response against alleged Pakistani involvement in the Sikh Insurgency in Punjab. Tangibly the Indian position was far superior to Pakistan since Pakistan Army was still equipped with the old T-59s. The situation was saved by two Individuals who polished off the Indian ‘Durga Devi’ thus leading to a swift de-escalation of the crisis.
Siachen Crisis
1984-To Date
A case of zero strategic insight on the Indian side and of personal ambition on part of two and three star Indian generals to start private wars to gain promotion. Both sides gained nothing and one Indian Division and one Pakistani brigade is committed to a mad sentry duty role since 1984!
1987 Crisis
The 1987 Crisis was a case of over enthusiasm at the military level with little outward enthusiasm at the highest political level. The Indian Chief Sundarji was living in visions of Glory and visualized that a military manoeuvre would escalate into a war which would lead to a successful Indian military thrust severing the Pakistani line of communication in Rahimyar Khan Sector thus leading to the emergence of a new state in Pakistani Sindh and the creation of a second Indian Field Marshal after Manekshaw i.e Sundarji!
Comically Sundarji’s visions of glory were not matched by strategic insight! Thus he was overawed into inaction and inertia like K.K Singh at Gadgor, once the Pakistani High Command relocated the Pakistani reserves northwards in a purely defensive move!
1987 was a watershed and marked the Indian Army at its lowest position in the eyes of the highest Indian political leadership
vis-a-vis the high position of 1971. Sundarji destroyed all that the Indian Army had gained in 25 years with one night of irresolution and inertia!
1999 Crisis
The 1999 Crisis in Kargil were the result of an audacious Pakistani plan to inflict a sharp but highly subtle psychological defeat on the Indians by threatening the Indian line of communication to Leh and Siachen by placing a small Pakistani force on the heights overlooking the Dras-Kargil-Leh Road. The execution at tactical level was brilliant albeit marked by poor logistic arrangements at divisional level! The Pakistani political leadership lost the resolution to press home the move to its final conclusion. Full facts are not available about what the Pakistan Army’s highest leadership wanted at this point in time.
The Indians payed a heavy price in terms of casualties for an intelligence failure. What Pakistan gained or lost is not clear although a debate continues about who was Kargils winner. Kargil stands out as merely one stage in a long series of actions in Pakistani military history. If Kargil was a political failure then logically the army should have packed off the political leadership in June 1999! Yet it chose to blame Nawaz only later on like it blamed Liaquat for calling off Operation Venus in 1948! Have things changed or we changed!
Conclusion
Indo-Pak Military history is a continuous story of strategic failures and a mix of operational successes and failures. At the tactical level both the armies fought well.
The reasons for the strategic failures are historical. Both states are successor states of the British Colonial Indian Empire. Indians were not groomed or trained for making strategic decisions. Strategic insight is the result of a process spread over many generations. The German General Staff was not created by a sudden flight. Even the British Empire was not created by the strategic genius of one man! Militarily the failure of both armies at the higher level is more easy to understand. Both were the continuation of a colonial army designed for internal security and brigade level actions. The Indian Army in WW Two either fought as part of a larger British Army or in circumstances of immense material superiority with massive US military aid as in Burma! The political failure in Pakistan is equally simple to explain since in words of Mr Jinnah most of the Muslim politicians would not do anything without consulting the DC (Deputy Commissioner)! That may be a reason why Nawaz Sharif went to DC!

LANGUGES IN PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN is heir to once of thr most ancient civilizations in the world , and it is only to be expected that its languages , too , have ancient roots . these languages have not been used in the domains of power because the rules of these regions were generally foreigners. But the foreigners , whether Iranians , Greeks , Arabs ,Turks as well as British have enriched the indigenous languages so that their vocabulary is multilingual and varied.

THE SECURITY COUNCIL

THE security council is the key decision - making body in the united nation and has 15 member . Five of these are permanent members , while the other ten are elected by the general assembly for two years. The five permanent members are The United States of America , the Russian federation (previously the soviet union) France , Britain , and China . The primary responsibility of peace -keeping is with the security council , but for decades its ability to act was limited when either the United State or the soviet union used its veto power. During the cold war a major issue on which the superpowers agreed ,and all the permanent members had a right to veto any motion at any time . The security council has the power to order sanction call for a cease - fire in time of war and even authorize military action by the appointment of judges to the international court of justice and the appointment of the UNITED NATIONS secretary - general

THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

THIS was established with the aim of overseeing the independence of territories called Trusteeships after the first world war such as lebanon and palestine . with this has become virtually non-functional.

THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

The economic and social council (ecosoc) consists of 54 states elected for three years. It coordinates the activities of the united nation Educational , Scientific and cultural Organization (unesco) the International labour Organization and the world health Organization . The main function of this body is to coordinate un activity economic and social areas.

THE FIRST PAKISTAN

Pakistan has historical been of the world's major crossroads. it has been invaded many times through the center from the south, north-west and the east. pakistan occupies an area in which almost all major races and cultures have left their trace. it is flanked by India on the east , Iran and Afghanistan on the north beyond the mountains lie China and central asia. In the south , Pakistan is washed by the Arabian sea and is only a short distance away from the arabian peninsula. All of these cultures and people their role in shaping pakistan as it is today , leaving it with a cultural and racial blend that few nation in the world can match and with a fascinating history dating back hundreds of thousands of years. And yet Pakistan as a state has only been on the world map since 1947 making it one of the youngest country in the world this paradox is best summed up by a british history who called Pakistan an old country and a new nation. When Pakistan emerged on the world map on 14 August 1947 it marked not only the independense of the muslims-majority areas in thr subcontined but also testified to the ancient bonds which exist between people inhabiting the region alonside the river indus.