Friday, July 24, 2009
India pakistan war
India and Pakistan have always been involved in some conflict or other basically because of the differences between the major religions that govern these countries, i.e. Hinduism and Islam. The formation of Pakistan itself in 1947 is based on acute conflict between Hindus and Muslims, a difference that had been sustained ever since. Immediately after the partition when Pakistan was formed, a wave of hostility and violence swept both the countries resulting in one of the worst carnages in the history of mankind. This was followed by two major wars, one war in 1965 and the other war in 1971.
The India-Pakistan War 1965
This war is also known as the Second Kashmir War. The trigger for this war was the infiltration of Pakistani troupes in India with the aim of recapturing Kashmir. This region is divided between the two countries since 1947 and it has remained a bone of contention ever since. Pakistan had called this maneuver ‘Operation Gibraltar’. In August 1965 the troupes of both countries crosses the cease-fire borders and captured cities in the opposite territories.
The war mostly fought by the infantry and air forces escalated out of control by September 1965 when China threatened to intervene. USA and Great Britain prevented this from happening by appealing to UN and as a result of their intervention India and Pakistan withdrew their forces to the territory demarcated before the war commenced.
The then Prime Ministers of both countries, Mr Lal Bahadur Shashti (India) and Mr Ayub Khan met subsequently in Tashkent (USSR) in January 1966 to sign an agreement which binds both the countries to peace and observance of cease-fire terms and conditions.
The war mostly fought by the infantry and air forces escalated out of control by September 1965 when China threatened to intervene. USA and Great Britain prevented this from happening by appealing to UN and as a result of their intervention India and Pakistan withdrew their forces to the territory demarcated before the war commenced.
The then Prime Ministers of both countries, Mr Lal Bahadur Shashti (India) and Mr Ayub Khan met subsequently in Tashkent (USSR) in January 1966 to sign an agreement which binds both the countries to peace and observance of cease-fire terms and conditions.
The India-Pakistan War 1971
Though this war is commonly known as Indo-Pakistan war, it is actually the Bangladesh Liberation War. This war started internally in Pakistan on 3rd December 1971 and ended with a major defeat to Pakistan on 16th December 1971 when Bangladesh gains its Independence.
The conflict was triggered by the unrest between the East and West Pakistan when the former demanded more freedom and autonomy. The East Pakistan constituted mostly of Bengalis. USA actively supported Pakistan in this war while India with support from France and United Kingdom backed the East Pakistani Bengalis in their fight for freedom. The coup de grace came when USSR joined India through a treaty signed on August 9th, 1972 which assured their friendship and cooperation at all levels between the two countries.
India launched a counter attack on Pakistan following their air assault on Indian Territory. The Indian Army was able to occupy the entire eastern half, which later declared itself as an Independent country, i.e. Bangladesh on December 6th, 1971. The internal conflict as well as the casualty of the war coupled with the fact that some 10 millions Bengalis fled the country to India (due the war) crippled Pakistan to a very large extent. For a while it was believed that Pakistan might not survive this defeat.
However, in 1972 India and Pakistan entered a new treaty called the Shimla Accord under the persuasion from the UN and peace once again prevailed. As a sign of goodwill, India returned a large part of the occupied territory – some 13 thousand kilometers square as a gesture of goodwill. In 1974 Pakistan recognized Bangladesh as an independent entity and country.
The conflict was triggered by the unrest between the East and West Pakistan when the former demanded more freedom and autonomy. The East Pakistan constituted mostly of Bengalis. USA actively supported Pakistan in this war while India with support from France and United Kingdom backed the East Pakistani Bengalis in their fight for freedom. The coup de grace came when USSR joined India through a treaty signed on August 9th, 1972 which assured their friendship and cooperation at all levels between the two countries.
India launched a counter attack on Pakistan following their air assault on Indian Territory. The Indian Army was able to occupy the entire eastern half, which later declared itself as an Independent country, i.e. Bangladesh on December 6th, 1971. The internal conflict as well as the casualty of the war coupled with the fact that some 10 millions Bengalis fled the country to India (due the war) crippled Pakistan to a very large extent. For a while it was believed that Pakistan might not survive this defeat.
However, in 1972 India and Pakistan entered a new treaty called the Shimla Accord under the persuasion from the UN and peace once again prevailed. As a sign of goodwill, India returned a large part of the occupied territory – some 13 thousand kilometers square as a gesture of goodwill. In 1974 Pakistan recognized Bangladesh as an independent entity and country.
Tuesday, July 21, 2009
PAKISTAN
August 14, 1947 Partition and independence; Mohammad Ali Jinnah becomes Governor General; Liaqath Ali Khan becomes Prime Minister
September 11, 1948 Jinnah dies; Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes Governor General
October 1951 Liaqath Ali Khan assassinated; Ghulam Mohammad becomes Governor General
August 1955 Ghulam Mohammad dies; succeeded by Iskander Mirza
October 1955 One Unit established, incorporating the four provinces of West Pakistan
March 23, 1956 Constitution adopted; Mirza becomes President
October 7, 1958 President Mirza abrogates constitution, declares martial law
October 27, 1958 Mirza sent into exile; General Mohammad Ayub Khan begins rule
September 1965 War with India over KASHMIR ISSUE.
March 25, 1969 Ayub resigns as result of public pressure; General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan assumes power.
July 1, 1970 One unit abolished, four provinces reestablished in West Pakistan
December 1970 First general elections; Awami League secures majority in East Pakistan & People’s Party in West Pakistan.
March 25, 1971 East Pakistan attempts to secede; civil war begins
December 1971 Indo-Pakistani War; East Pakistan becomes the independent state of Bangladesh; Yahya resigns; President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto takes charge as the Civilian Martial Law Administrator.
July 2, 1972 Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi conclude Simla Agreement
August 14, 1973 New Constitution goes into effect with Bhutto as Prime Minister
February 22-25, 1974 Islam Summit Conference held in Lahore
March 1977 General elections; massive victory by Bhutto's party evokes widespread rioting and protest
July 5, 1977 Martial law proclaimed
September 1978 Mohammad Zia ul Haq becomes President
April 4, 1979 Bhutto hanged
March 4, 1981 Provisional Constitutional Order, which in effect suspended 1973 Constitution
August 12, 1983 President Zia announces that martial law will be lifted in 1985, (Martial Law under General Zia-ul-Haq 1977-1985)
Referendum 1984
February 1985 General Elections
Islamization Under General Zia-ul-Haq
The Afghan War Settlement
[1985-88] Muhammad Khan Junejo Becomes Prime Minister
[1985] Historic 8th Amendment is passed
[1988] Death of General Zia-ul-Haq
[1988] Benazir Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister
[1988] Ghulam Ishaq Khan Becomes President
[1990] Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1990] Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister
[1993] Balakh Sher Mazari Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1993] Moin Qureshi Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1993] Benazir Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister
[1993] Sardar Farooq Legahri Becomes President
[1996] Malik Meraj Khalid Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1997] Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister
[1997] Thirteenth Amendment is Passed
[1997] Fourteenth Amendment is Passed
[1998] Muhammad Rafiq Tarar Elected as President
[1998] Pakistan: A Nuclear Power
[1999] The Lahore Declaration
[1999] The Kargil Offensive
[1999] Military Comes to Power Again
[June, 2001] Pervez Musharraf becomes President
[2001] Agra Summit
[2001] Local Government System
[2001] September Eleven and Its Aftermath
Referendum 2002
Legal Framework Order 2002
General Elections 2002
[2002] Zafarullah Khan Jamali Becomes Prime Minister: Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali was elected the 20th Prime Minister of Pakistan by the newly elected Parliament on November 21, 2002. President General Pervez Musharraf administered the oath to the new Prime Minster at the Aiwan-i-Sadr on November 23. He now heads Pakistan's first civilian government after three years of military rule of General Pervez Musharraf.
September 11, 1948 Jinnah dies; Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes Governor General
October 1951 Liaqath Ali Khan assassinated; Ghulam Mohammad becomes Governor General
August 1955 Ghulam Mohammad dies; succeeded by Iskander Mirza
October 1955 One Unit established, incorporating the four provinces of West Pakistan
March 23, 1956 Constitution adopted; Mirza becomes President
October 7, 1958 President Mirza abrogates constitution, declares martial law
October 27, 1958 Mirza sent into exile; General Mohammad Ayub Khan begins rule
September 1965 War with India over KASHMIR ISSUE.
March 25, 1969 Ayub resigns as result of public pressure; General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan assumes power.
July 1, 1970 One unit abolished, four provinces reestablished in West Pakistan
December 1970 First general elections; Awami League secures majority in East Pakistan & People’s Party in West Pakistan.
March 25, 1971 East Pakistan attempts to secede; civil war begins
December 1971 Indo-Pakistani War; East Pakistan becomes the independent state of Bangladesh; Yahya resigns; President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto takes charge as the Civilian Martial Law Administrator.
July 2, 1972 Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi conclude Simla Agreement
August 14, 1973 New Constitution goes into effect with Bhutto as Prime Minister
February 22-25, 1974 Islam Summit Conference held in Lahore
March 1977 General elections; massive victory by Bhutto's party evokes widespread rioting and protest
July 5, 1977 Martial law proclaimed
September 1978 Mohammad Zia ul Haq becomes President
April 4, 1979 Bhutto hanged
March 4, 1981 Provisional Constitutional Order, which in effect suspended 1973 Constitution
August 12, 1983 President Zia announces that martial law will be lifted in 1985, (Martial Law under General Zia-ul-Haq 1977-1985)
Referendum 1984
February 1985 General Elections
Islamization Under General Zia-ul-Haq
The Afghan War Settlement
[1985-88] Muhammad Khan Junejo Becomes Prime Minister
[1985] Historic 8th Amendment is passed
[1988] Death of General Zia-ul-Haq
[1988] Benazir Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister
[1988] Ghulam Ishaq Khan Becomes President
[1990] Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1990] Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister
[1993] Balakh Sher Mazari Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1993] Moin Qureshi Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1993] Benazir Bhutto Becomes Prime Minister
[1993] Sardar Farooq Legahri Becomes President
[1996] Malik Meraj Khalid Becomes Caretaker Prime Minister
[1997] Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister
[1997] Thirteenth Amendment is Passed
[1997] Fourteenth Amendment is Passed
[1998] Muhammad Rafiq Tarar Elected as President
[1998] Pakistan: A Nuclear Power
[1999] The Lahore Declaration
[1999] The Kargil Offensive
[1999] Military Comes to Power Again
[June, 2001] Pervez Musharraf becomes President
[2001] Agra Summit
[2001] Local Government System
[2001] September Eleven and Its Aftermath
Referendum 2002
Legal Framework Order 2002
General Elections 2002
[2002] Zafarullah Khan Jamali Becomes Prime Minister: Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali was elected the 20th Prime Minister of Pakistan by the newly elected Parliament on November 21, 2002. President General Pervez Musharraf administered the oath to the new Prime Minster at the Aiwan-i-Sadr on November 23. He now heads Pakistan's first civilian government after three years of military rule of General Pervez Musharraf.
MUGHAL PERIOD
1526 Babur victorious in first Battle of Paniput
1530-1556 Wars of succession
1556 Akbar victorious in second Battle of Paniput
1556-1605 Reign of Akbar the Great
1605-1627 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading center
1628-1658 Reign of Shah Jahan
1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb
1761 Third Battle of Panipat; an Afghan victory over a Maratha army
1707-1858 Decline of the Mughal Empire
British India
1757 Battle of Plassey - British victory over Mughal forces in Bengal; conventional date for beginning of
British rule in India
1784 William Pitt's India Act
1799-1839 Sikh kingdom in the Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures
1838-1842 First Afghan war
1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad and Khairpur
1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex the Punjab and sell Kashmir, Gilgit, and Ladakh "Package," known as Kashmir
1857-1858 Uprising, variously known as the first war of independence, the Mutiny,and the Sepoy Rebellion
1858 British Raj begins
1878-1880 Second Afghan War
1885 Indian National Congress formed
1893 Durand Line established as boundary between Afghanistan and British India
1905 Partition of Bengal
1906 All-India Muslim League founded
1911 Partition of Bengal annulled
1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Third Afghan War
1935 Government of India Act of 1935
March 23, 1940 Muslim League adopts Pakistan Resolution
1530-1556 Wars of succession
1556 Akbar victorious in second Battle of Paniput
1556-1605 Reign of Akbar the Great
1605-1627 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading center
1628-1658 Reign of Shah Jahan
1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb
1761 Third Battle of Panipat; an Afghan victory over a Maratha army
1707-1858 Decline of the Mughal Empire
British India
1757 Battle of Plassey - British victory over Mughal forces in Bengal; conventional date for beginning of
British rule in India
1784 William Pitt's India Act
1799-1839 Sikh kingdom in the Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures
1838-1842 First Afghan war
1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad and Khairpur
1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex the Punjab and sell Kashmir, Gilgit, and Ladakh "Package," known as Kashmir
1857-1858 Uprising, variously known as the first war of independence, the Mutiny,and the Sepoy Rebellion
1858 British Raj begins
1878-1880 Second Afghan War
1885 Indian National Congress formed
1893 Durand Line established as boundary between Afghanistan and British India
1905 Partition of Bengal
1906 All-India Muslim League founded
1911 Partition of Bengal annulled
1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Third Afghan War
1935 Government of India Act of 1935
March 23, 1940 Muslim League adopts Pakistan Resolution
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
The Muslim revival began towards the end of the last century when Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, a renowned Muslim leader and educationist, launched a movement for intellectual renaissance of the Muslims of South Asia. In 1930, the well-known poet-philosopher, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, conceived the idea of a separate state for the Muslims of South Asia. In 1940, a resolution was adopted by the All-India Muslim League, demanding a separate independent home land for the Muslims. After 07 years of un-tiring struggle under the brilliant leadership of Quaid-e-Azam (the great leader) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan emerged on the world map as a sovereign state, on 14th August, 1947.
CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
This is the summary of important historical events of the subcontinent.
Ancient Empires
3000-1500 B.C. Harappan culture in the Indus Valley and elsewhere
500-500 B.C.Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; the Vedic Age
550-486 B.C.Life of Gautama Buddha, founding of Buddhism
320-180 B.C.Mauryan Empire; Asoka most famous emperor; spread of Buddhism
180 B.C - 150 A.D.Saka dynasties in Indus Valley and northwest
78-200 A.D. Kushan Empire; Gandharan art flourishes
300-700 A.D Gupta Empire; Classical Age in northern India
CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
This is the summary of important historical events of the subcontinent.
Ancient Empires
3000-1500 B.C. Harappan culture in the Indus Valley and elsewhere
500-500 B.C.Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; the Vedic Age
550-486 B.C.Life of Gautama Buddha, founding of Buddhism
320-180 B.C.Mauryan Empire; Asoka most famous emperor; spread of Buddhism
180 B.C - 150 A.D.Saka dynasties in Indus Valley and northwest
78-200 A.D. Kushan Empire; Gandharan art flourishes
300-700 A.D Gupta Empire; Classical Age in northern India
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